Beech and hornbeam dominate oak 20 years after the creation of storm-induced gaps

Oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L. grouped), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) hornbeam (Carpinus betulus are three major species of western central forests. When conditions suitable for the species, silvicultural management often favours oak because its greater economic interest. Forest managers know that strong competitors during regeneration phase, but influence relative success growing in mixture still poorly characterised. The natural 20 years after canopy openings was studied based on 108 study sites established 2001 French forests impacted by windstorms Lothar Martin 1999. In spring summer 2018 2019, all saplings over 0.1 m height were counted, identified diameter at breast (DBH) measured 1.30 m. with highest median DBH each plot recorded species. Mixed models used to analyse combined effects former stand type, distance from edge gap soil presence, sapling abundance, height. modelling approach highlighted preponderant role initial seed rain presence density compared interspecific competition or edge. two latter factors had a secondary effect Beech more abundant than regardless (on average, 3097, 3063 344 ha−1, respectively), suggesting competitive ability these present 22% (43% 68% beech) plots, low similar hornbeam. This result highlights high dissemination capacity hornbeam, which prevents establishment dominated oak. seeking obtain oak-dominated stands lowlands Europe, abundance can be limiting factor could lead disappearance large areas if no operations performed promote it.